REPRODUCTIVE CHALLENGES IN BUFFALOES: EFFECTS OF NUTRITION, ENVIRONMENT, AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Protein sources for human nutrition are derived from both plant and animal origins. The primary products obtained from buffalo production systems are meat and milk. The success of buffalo production enterprises largely depends on the performance of individual animals, particularly their reproductive efficiency. Reproduction is a key determinant of productivity in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), as it directly affects meat and milk supply as well as population sustainability in smallholder farming systems, especially in developing countries. However, reproductive performance of buffaloes in developing regions remains suboptimal and requires improvement, particularly in relation to nutritional challenges, environmental stressors, and management practices. Nutritional factors play a crucial role in body condition and physiological readiness for reproduction, while environmental factors especially heat stress can suppress ovarian function and disrupt hormonal indicators essential for estrous cycles and successful pregnancy. Inadequate reproductive management, including poor estrus detection and improper mating strategies, further reduces reproductive efficiency. This article reviews scientific literature on the effects of nutrition, environment, and management on buffalo reproduction and identifies potential intervention strategies to enhance reproductive performance in a sustainable manner