Decentralized Framework for Food Safety Monitoring in Supply Chains Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract

Accurate Food safety and traceability in the agricultural supply chain are critical challenges, particularly for perishable products such as crops and vegetables. Traditional centralized tracking systems often suffer from lack of transparency, data manipulation risks, and delays in identifying contamination sources. To address these issues, this study proposes a blockchainbased framework for enhancing food safety and traceability in crop and vegetable supply chains. The system utilizes a decentralized ledger to record every stage of the product lifecycle, starting from harvesting by farmers to distribution and final retail delivery. Each batch of crops or vegetables is assigned a Unique Batch Identity Number (UBIN) and attached with a physical tracking tag that enables secure identification and monitoring across supply chain participants. Smart contracts automate verification processes, ensuring that only authorized stakeholders can update supply chain records and that compliance with predefined safety standards is maintained. In addition, integration with Internet of Things (IoT) sensors allows real-time monitoring of environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity during transportation and storage. The proposed system improves transparency, prevents data tampering, and enables rapid identification of contaminated or compromised food batches. As a result, the framework enhances consumer trust, supports regulatory compliance, and improves the efficiency of agricultural supply chain management. This approach demonstrates how blockchain technology can be effectively applied to ensure safe, transparent, and traceable distribution of crops and vegetables from farm to consumer.